Examinations Sample Questions - Ophthalmology Foundation

Put your knowledge to the test for our examinations in Visual Sciences, Optics, Refraction and Instruments, and Clinical Ophthalmology.

Examinations - Visual Sample Questions

Click the START button to answer sample questions from the Visual examination. You can take the sample quiz as many times as you like.

Category: Anatomy

Which ONE of the following layers is MOST likely to contain bipolar cells?

Ganglion cell layer

Inner nuclear layer

Outer nuclear layer

Retinal pigment epithelium

Category: Pharmacology

Which ONE of the following mechanisms is MOST likely responsible for the intraocular pressure–lowering effect of prostaglandin analogues?

Decreased aqueous production via ciliary body inhibition

Increased trabecular outflow via Schlemm canal

Increased uveoscleral outflow

Reduced episcleral venous pressure

Category: Biochemistry and Metabolism

Which ONE of the following is MOST likely to explain the phenomenon of lyonization in ophthalmic genetics?

Activation of both X chromosomes in females

Random inactivation of one X chromosome in each cell

Selective deletion of paternal X chromosome

Trinucleotide repeat instability

Category: Ophthalmic Pathology

Which ONE of the following histopathological features is MOST likely to be seen in keratoconus?

Breaks in Bowman layer with stromal thinning

Diffuse endothelial cell loss with guttae formation

Lipid deposition in the anterior stroma

Subepithelial fibrosis with vascularisation

Category: Imaging and Digital Ophthalmology

Which ONE of the following imaging modalities is MOST likely to be used to assess choroidal circulation dynamically?

Fluorescein angiography

Fundus autofluorescence

Indocyanine green angiography

Optical coherence tomography

Category: Genetics

Which ONE of the following is MOST likely to explain the phenomenon of lyonization in ophthalmic genetics?

Activation of both X chromosomes in females

Random inactivation of one X chromosome in each cell

Selective deletion of paternal X chromosome

Trinucleotide repeat instability

Category: Embryology and Development

Failure of closure of the embryonic fissure is MOST likely to result in which ONE of the following conditions?

Aniridia

Coloboma

Microphthalmos

Persistent pupillary membrane

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Examinations - Optics Sample Questions

Click the START button to answer sample questions from the Optics, Refraction, and Instruments examination. You can take the sample quiz as many times as you like.

Category: Instruments

When using a manual keratometer, what adjustment is necessary if the corneal mires are not perfectly aligned?

Adjust the patient's head position

Increase the light intensity

Recalibrate the keratometer

Rotate the keratometer to align the mires

Category: Optics

When using a condensing lens with an indirect ophthalmoscope which if the following images is MOST likely to be correct?

Real and erect

Real and inverted

Virtual and erect

Virtual and inverted

Category: Refraction

Which of the following is the correct sequence of steps in a basic retinoscopy procedure?

Dilate the pupil, dim the lights, and check the intraocular pressure

Dim the lights, position the patient, and use the retinoscope to observe the reflex

Measure the visual acuity, dilate the pupil, and check for cataracts

Position the patient, measure the intraocular pressure, and use the retinoscope to observe the reflex

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Examinations - Clinical Sample Questions

Click the START button to answer sample questions from the Clinical examination. You can take the sample quiz as many times as you like.

Category: Neuro-Ophthalmology

A 30-year-old woman presents with sudden loss of vision in the right eye on waking. Visual acuity is hand movements only. There is no RAPD and fundoscopy is normal. Automated perimetry of the affected eye shows severe generalized depression. Which ONE of the following additional findings would be MOST helpful in confirming non-organic visual loss?

Inconsistent responses on repeated visual field testing

Normal visual evoked potentials (VEP)

Pupil constriction to light in the affected eye when the good eye is occluded

Tunnel vision on Goldmann perimetry that does not expand with distance

Category: Cornea and External Eye Disease

A 28-year-old contact lens wearer presents severe ocular pain, photophobia, and reduced vision following a hot tub exposure. Examination reveals a ring infiltrate at 3mm optical zone. Confocal microscopy shows double-walled cysts. Which ONE of the following is the MOST appropriate initial treatment?

Commence topical chlorhexidine 0.02% and polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) hourly

Commence topical moxifloxacin and prednisolone acetate 1%

Perform therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty

Start oral voriconazole and topical natamycin

Category: Paediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus

A 7-year-old female short for her age and below the growth percentile was admitted to hospital after an episode of seizure. During her admission a fundus check revealed the appearance shown (similar appearance in fellow eye). Which ONE of the following is MOST likely to be the diagnosis?

CRAO due to occlusion of the cilioretinal artery

Mucolipidosis I

Moya Moya disease

Central serous chorioretinopathy

Category: Community and Public Health

A primary eye care programme is training general non-specialist health care workers to diagnose, manage and refer common eye conditions. Which ONE of the following conditions is MOST appropriate for management at primary level?

Acute angle closure glaucoma

Acute bacterial conjunctivitis

Herpetic keratitis

Proliferative diabetic retinopathy

Category: Retina

A 68-year-old man with wet AMD has been receiving regular anti-VEGF injections for 2 years with good response. He now develops subretinal haemorrhage extending over 4 disc areas including the fovea with sudden vision loss to counting fingers. Which ONE of the following treatment options has the BEST evidence for visual recovery?

Intravitreal anti-VEGF injection alone

Observation without intervention

Pneumatic displacement with intravitreal gas and anti-VEGF

Vitrectomy with subretinal tissue plasminogen activator

Category: General Medicine related to Ophthalmology

Which ONE finding is the earliest sign of hydroxychloroquine retinal toxicity?

Central scotoma

Color vision defects

Parafoveal outer retinal damage on OCT

Peripheral visual field constriction

Category: Glaucoma

A 35-year-old male was incidentally found to have high IOP values on applanation tonometry (RE 26 mmHg and LE 28 mmHg). His refraction was myopic (RE – 3 SE and LE -3.75 SE). Anterior segment examination revealed deep anterior chamber with mild peripheral iris transillumination and the presence of Krukenberg spindle. His optic nerves revealed a glaucomatous cupping L>R. Based on the examination, which ONE of the following is MOST likely to be TRUE?

Clear lens extraction should be considered

Genetic counselling is advisable

Hyperopia is a risk factor

The patient has higher risk of retinal detachment

Category: Uveitis

A 30-year-old Brazilian man has recently arrived in your clinic after travelling from Brazil with reduced vision in the right eye. The fundal appearance is as shown. Which ONE of the following is MOST likely to be TRUE?

Lesions are usually multiple and located in the mid-periphery without old scars

Reactivation typically occurs adjacent to an old chorioretinal scar

Serologic IgM positivity is mandatory for diagnosis in recurrent disease

Systemic corticosteroid monotherapy is the standard first-line therapy

Category: Cataract

Regarding posterior subcapsular cataract (PSC), which ONE of the following is MOST likely to be TRUE?

Causes marked impairment of near vision with only mild effect on distance acuity

Primarily reduces distance vision while sparing near tasks

Typically induces moderate myopia as it progresses

Usually it shows slow growth and only mild glare symptoms

Category: Orbit / Lids

A 42-year-old presents with chronic right eye epiphora and mucoid discharge. Fluorescein dye disappearance test is abnormal on the right. Probing and irrigation (through the upper punctum) shows reflux of clear fluid from the inferior punctum with no passage to the nose. Which ONE of the following is the MOST likely diagnosis?

Canalicular obstruction

Lacrimal pump failure

Nasolacrimal duct obstruction

Punctal stenosis

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